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The aircraft was designed to fly at very low altitudes at very high speeds and drop bombs in engagements lasting seconds. HUD technology was next advanced by the Royal Navy in the Buccaneer, the prototype of which first flew on 30 April 1958. While their research was never incorporated in any aircraft of that time, the crude HUD mockup they built had all the features of today's modern HUD units. In 1955 the US Navy's Office of Naval Research and Development did some research with a mockup HUD concept unit along with a sidestick controller in an attempt to ease the pilot's burden flying modern jet aircraft and make the instrumentation less complicated during flight.
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This set produced an artificial horizon that further eased head-up flying. VIII radar found on the de Havilland Mosquito night fighter. IV radar to the microwave-frequency AI Mk.
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A key upgrade was the move from the original AI Mk. II gyro gunsight on a flat area of the windscreen, and later in the gunsight itself. In October 1942 they had successfully combined the image from the radar tube with a projection from their standard GGS Mk. They experimented with the addition of a second radar display for the pilot, but found they had trouble looking up from the lit screen into the dark sky in order to find the target. The gyro gunsight added a reticle that moved based on the speed and turn rate to solve for the amount of lead needed to hit a target while maneuvering.ĭuring the early 1940s, the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), in charge of UK radar development, found that Royal Air Force (RAF) night fighter pilots were having a hard time reacting to the verbal instruction of the radar operator as they approached their targets. HUDs evolved from the reflector sight, a pre-World War II parallax-free optical sight technology for military fighter aircraft. Newer micro-display imaging technologies are being introduced, including liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), digital micro-mirrors (DMD), and organic light-emitting diode (OLED). Fourth Generation-Use a scanning laser to display images and even video imagery on a clear transparent medium.Third Generation-Use optical waveguides to produce images directly in the combiner rather than use a projection system.These systems are on commercial aircraft. These systems do not fade or require the high voltages of first generation systems. Second Generation-Use a solid state light source, for example LED, which is modulated by an LCD screen to display an image.The majority of HUDs in operation today are of this type. First Generation-Use a CRT to generate an image on a phosphor screen, having the disadvantage of the phosphor screen coating degrading over time.HUDs are split into four generations reflecting the technology used to generate the images. The F-35 Lightning II was designed without a HUD, relying solely on the HMD, making it the first modern military fighter not to have a fixed HUD. Many modern fighters (such as the F/A-18, F-16, and Eurofighter) use both a HUD and HMD concurrently. These include helmet-mounted displays (both abbreviated HMD), forms of HUD that feature a display element that moves with the orientation of the user's head. Other than fixed mounted HUD, there are also head-mounted displays (HMDs). the projection unit) and the systems/data to be displayed and generates the imagery and symbology to be displayed by the projection unit.
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The computer provides the interface between the HUD (i.e. In some optical layouts combiners may also have a curved surface to refocus the image from the projector. Combiners may have special coatings that reflect the monochromatic light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other wavelengths of light to pass through. The combiner is typically an angled flat piece of glass (a beam splitter) located directly in front of the viewer, that redirects the projected image from projector in such a way as to see the field of view and the projected infinity image at the same time. the focal point is perceived to be at infinity. This setup (a design that has been around since the invention of the reflector sight in 1900) produces an image where the light is collimated, i.e.
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The projection unit in a typical HUD is an optical collimator setup: a convex lens or concave mirror with a cathode-ray tube, light emitting diode display, or liquid crystal display at its focus. HUD mounted in a PZL TS-11 Iskra jet trainer aircraft with a glass plate combiner and a convex collimating lens just below itĪ typical HUD contains three primary components: a projector unit, a combiner, and a video generation computer.